Wilson, I.R.G. and Sidorenkov, N.S., 2019, A Luni-Solar Connection to Weather and Climate III: Sub-Centennial Time Scales, The General Science Journal, 7927
The following figure shows the raw HadCRUT4 monthly (Land + Sea) world mean temperature anomaly (WMTA) data from 1850 to 2017 (grey line – Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, 2017).https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/temperature/
Following the method used by Copeland and Watts (2009), a Hodrick Prescott filter (Hodrick and Prescott 1981 - using λ = 129,0000) is applied to the raw WMTA data to produce a smoothed temperature anomaly curve (Excel Plugin 2019). The resulting smoothed anomaly curve is superimposed upon the raw WMTA data in the figure below (red line).
The Hodrick Prescott filter is designed to separate a time-series data into a trend component and a cyclical component using a technique that is equivalent to a cubic spline smoother. It acts as a low-pass filter that smooths out short-term temperature fluctuations, leaving behind the unattenuated long-term oscillatory signals (Copland and Watts 2009). Given the specific value of λ used here, this effectively translates to a band-pass that eliminates all the oscillatory temperature signals that have periods ≤ 7.0 years (Copland and Watts 2009).
Investigations of climate change generally
involve the study of "forcings" upon the climate system. These are
expressed in power terms that are measured in W m-2. This means that
the best way to study temporal changes in these "forcings" is to look
at time series of the first differences in the total energies that are
associated with each forcing. Similarly, the mean temperature of the Earth's
atmosphere is a measure of its total energy content. Thus, the best way to
study the changes in the climate "forcings" that impact the mean
temperature of the Earth's atmosphere is to look
at time-series of the first difference in world-mean temperature, rather than
time-series of the temperature itself [Goodman 2013].
Following this train of logic, the first
difference curve of the smoothed trend component of the WMTA time series is
calculated in degrees Celsius per month. The resultant first difference curve
(multiplied by an arbitrary factor of 150) is plotted in the figure below (blue
curve). Superimposed upon this is the raw temperature anomaly data (light-grey
curve) and the smoothed trend component (red curve), displayed in units of
degrees Celsius.
The
blue dashed curve in the figure below shows a superposition of a sine wave of
amplitude 1.0 unit and period 9.1 tropical years with a sine wave of amplitude
2.0 units and period 10.1469 (= 9 FMC’s) tropical years. Note that the units
used are degrees Celsius per month times 1000. The actual function used in this figure is:
where
t is the date expressed in decimal Gregorian years [N.B. For the purposes of
this study, this curve will be referred
to as the lunar tidal forcing curve – i.e. LTF curve].
Overlaying this is a red curve which is simply a reproduction of the difference plot of the smoothed
component of the WMTA
from the
earlier figure [N.B. For the purposes of this study, this curve will be referred
to as the difference of the smoothed temperature anomaly curve – i.e. DSTA.
It has units measured in degrees Celsius per month. In addition, the DSTA curve
values have been scaled-up by a factor of 1000 to roughly match the variance of
the LTF curve. This is done to aid the comparison between these two curves.
from the
earlier figure [N.B. For the purposes of this study, this curve will be referred
to as the difference of the smoothed temperature anomaly curve – i.e. DSTA.
It has units measured in degrees Celsius per month. In addition, the DSTA curve
values have been scaled-up by a factor of 1000 to roughly match the variance of
the LTF curve. This is done to aid the comparison between these two curves.
A comparison of the DSTA and LTF curves shows
that that the timing of the peaks in the LTF curve closely match those seen in
the DSTA curve for two 45-year periods.
The first going from 1865 to 1910 and
the second from 1955 to 2000. Note that these years are delineated by the black
vertical lines in this figure. During these two epochs, the aligned peaks of the
LTF and the DSTA curves are separated from adjacent peaks by roughly the 9.6
years, which is close to the mean of 9.1 and 10.1469 years. This is in stark
contrast to the 45-year period separating these two epochs (i.e. from 1910 to
1955), and the period after the year 2000, where the close match between the
timing of the peaks in LTF and DSTA curves breaks down, with the DSTA peaks
becoming separated from their neighboring peaks by approximately 20 years.
Hence, the variations in the rate of change of the smoothed HadCRUT4
temperature anomalies closely follow a “forcing” curve that is formed by the
simple sum of two sinusoids, one with a 9.1-year period which matches that of
the lunar tidal cycle, and the other with a period of 10.1469-year
that matches that of half the Perigean New/Full moon cycle. This is precisely
what you would expect if the natural periodicities associated with the Perigean
New/Full moon tidal cycles were driving the observed changes in the world mean
temperature on decadal time scales.
References:
Copeland, B. and
Watts, A., 2009, Evidence
of a Luni-Solar Influence on the Decadal and Bi-decadal Oscillations in
Globally Averaged Temperature Trends, retrieved at:
Lunar-Solar Influence on SST March 1st, 2013,
Greg Goodman
Hodrick, R.
Prescott, E., 1997, Postwar US
business cycles: an empirical investigation.
Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking. 29(1): pp. 1-16. Reprint of
University of Minneapolis discussion paper 451, 1981.
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